8.3b) Employment and ethical issues:

Health and Safety Act 

Health and safety act is to secure the health, safety  and welfare of the employees, this means that they need to make sure that the site they are recording at is safe for the employees and to make sure that there aren't any hazards which are a risk to the production team.

An example in the film and TV industry would be that during production they need to make sure that all the equipment are safe to use by this i mean every electrical product should be electrical tested because if you are using faulty ones it can risk your life.

An advantage for the employee is that they know that there always in a safe environment, so they know they won't be harmed at work, a disadvantage for the employee is that if they products are not safe they may get electrical shot which can affect them in the short term as they may not be able to work this can leave the employee without a job.


An advantage for the employer is that the employee would be more happier and this will make them motivated as they are working in safe condition,  this increases productivity. A disadvantage for the employer is that getting all the electrical products tested is expensive this will increase cost of the business.

Equal opportunities

Equal opportunities is when people are not discriminated and are treated equally, without any barriers that may be in place, there are 6 main legislative; Race,gender,disability,age,sexual preference or religion.This is to maximize the representation of the smaller groups

An example of this would be when the director is picking the actors, they may not allow people with disability to do the role, this would be discrimination as it states in the act that all the employee's need to be free from prejudice and discrimination, this means that they should not be judged by the sex, race and age.

An advantage for the disable actor is that the act protects them from prejudice and discrimination, so this means that they can progress in the career, by this i mean we can see more disable actors play the leading role. An disadvantage for the employee is that the employer may not follow act this means them being prejudice towards the disable person. 

An advantage for the employer is that by employing more actors that have disability give the employer a better name and it makes them more known as they give equal opportunity to everyone, this can lead to more people working for your company. However a disadvantage would they may lose audience because some people are some time horrified of seeing disable people this may make them upset.

http://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-bbfc/work-us/equal-opportunities

Equality act 2010


Equality act made it 2010 to protect employees from prejudice and discrimination in the work place. This allows for all people to have the same availability of jobs and allows them to all progress. This replaces anti discrimination laws with a single act. This can include, sexism, racism, ageism, sexual preferences etc.

An example of this maybe when picking the crew  they need to be very careful because they may want young crew because they are more fit which means they can carry equipment's and are more faster than old people, this would be called ageism because they are looking for specific age and they should not rule out old people just because they are old.  

An advantage for the employee being protected by the act is that no employer can be prejudiced or discriminating, this means that they will be treated equally everywhere they work, so no workers would be treated better all the same.An advantage for the employer following this act means that they are being fair and equal to all the employee, this makes the employee's feel more safe as they know that the act protects from prejudice and discrimination at work, so this means if any employee's have accident and are disable the employer cannot fire you as this act would protect the employee. 

Employer's liability 

Employer's liability is  a product for employers that protects them from financial loss if a employee experiences a job related injury or illness that their compensation doesn't cover, this means that the employee won't be affected financially.

An example of this would be in the film industry for example during production a employee trips and hurts the ankle this means they won't be able to work however this is where the employer's liability protects the employer as they will still get payed for as long as they're ill. 

An advantage for the employee is that they never affected because they are getting paid if they do not get compensation this means they'll still financially be okay as it can be struggle to pay for bills during times your sick because your are injured. 

An advantage for the employer is that by having this protection means that the employee feels more safe working for you as they know that they have job security when there off work because they still getting paid. An disadvantage for the employer is that they need to pay the employee when there not there which means that more costs for the business, this is bad for business as it is extra cost.

Employee's rights

Employees have rights and a lot of these rights are legally protected. So, this means all employees have help from law to make sure those rights are followed, and that they receive compensation when they are not. Some employee rights are permitted, this means they are set by the law of the UK and apply to all employees. Other rights are contractual. This means they are given by your particular employment contract. Contractual rights are legal rights. However, they don't apply to everyone. 

An example of this is that employees are entitled to paid sick, maternity and holiday leave. So, a news reporter that is 6 months into her pregnancy is entitled to leave while being paid, this is a law which has been set, however this sometimes doesn't apply to everyone, depend on contract.

An advantage for the employee is that they get paid while not working because they are pregnant, this allows the journalist to maintain her bills, however maternity pay is usually less than normal pay which means that they will not be getting paid same as before.

An advantage for the workers is that by giving female workers maternity means that you are being fair to the employee and they know that they are secure as they will get paid during pregnancy, however a disadvantage is that you still need to pay them when they're still not there.

Belonging to the trade union 

Trade union is when a group of employees get together to protect the integrity of their trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better working conditions.

An example of this may occur in the film and TV industry, BECTU has been disputing with Arqiva for better pension scheme, Arqiya is a telecommunication company which has broadcast facilities in the united kingdom, BECTU is helping all the staff who work for Arqiva as they will try their best to get better pension scheme like paying double what you pay towards pension. 

An advantage for the employee belonging to the trade union is that they are protected and they will be able to get more pension money, this means they will be less stress after they are retired and they can live comfortable.

An advantage for the employer working wit the trade union means that employee's are being heard this means that they will work harder and be more motivated to work as they know their opinion counts. A disadvantage for the employer is that it can cost the business a lot to pay for pension scheme as they may be thousands working in the company, this means more cost for business.  

Intellectual property

A piece of work, invention or idea that the creator has the rights to apply a patent or copyright protection, these protection helps inventors keep their idea and it means no one else can copy it, if they do they can be persecuted and sued as they have a legal document stating that it is their idea which no one can do, unless permission given.

An example of this would be when they designers make many film covers for the film, they usually have copyright or a patent to make sure no one copies their design, this allows film front covers to be unique and different compared to theirs.

An advantage for the employee's is that all the work would not be copied means that the will be credited for the work they do as it will be mention their name. An advantage for the employer is that none of the workers want there work being copied this a makes them more motivated.

Copyright/Trademarks

A form of patent that grants the property right of an invention of a short span of time and it means that it prevents others from making, selling or importing their idea.  

An example of this may be when the have a copyright on the company name this means that other companies will not be able to use same name without permission.

An advantage for the employee is that they can say they work for the specific company as they will only be the one company because the name has a copyright to it so other people cannot use it.

An advantage for the employer is that the audience will not be confused as your business name has a copyright which means other people can use name and this allows the business not to have a bad name because other people will not be using it,

Other Forms of Intellectual property 

This includes Patent and Design where the internal structure of a product or idea . It keeps the main plot of a Film protected from being copied and keeps the look of the idea protected.

An example of this may be the font of some media companies, this means some companies have protected their fonts the use so the typography is unique compared to theirs.

An advantage for employee is that they'll be created for creating specific font, this means that they'll be paid fairly for the work and also it would be stated that it was created by the employee.

An advantage for the employer is that having protected the font means other companies can not copy it so this makes their companies one more unique than others because it would not have been used before.

Passing Off 

This stops deception of a product, this mean that companies cannot pretend to take a product and make it their own, this is a form of copyright and protects the original maker of the product. 

An example of this would be in the film and TV industry when film companies place products in them this means that they would not be able to claim its there's, for example in a film called ' Wayne's World' we see products like 'Reebok' being advertised in the film, the had to make sure that they had the product placement sign before

An advantage for the person who has  created the product is that no one can ever claim that the products theirs, also by showing their product in films means they'll have free advertisement and sometimes people may associate film, this will increase the amount of sales in the business.

Broadcasting Act 1990

This law has allowed the invention of a fifth analogue terrestrial TV channel in the UK. It demanded that the BBC, which was previously making and airing a lot of it's programming, to give at the least, 25% of what is being produced from independent, this means that it is not funded by TV license.

An advantage for the employer is that they can create different content on the broadcasting channel, and they can set their own ideas and aims, this means them being more unique to other broadcasters.

An advantage for the employee is that they get more jobs in the broadcasting channel, this means more people are employed. 

Obscene Publications Act 1959

Obscene Publications Act 1959 is a law that makes it an offence to publish more than two distinct items in an article; this could be images of extreme sexual activities. This also means that when content makes some depraved and corrupt, this means makes an innocent person wicked. 

An example of this may be an image extreme sexual activities which have been published two or more times, this may make people innocent people think about corrupt things like that for example parents do not want their children seeing sexual images as they may want to see more.

An advantage for the employee's is that this act protects them from seeing to many sexual images so it would not make them depraved or corrupt, this means they won't change behaviors.

A disadvantage for the employer is that if you company breaks this act, it may leave a bad name to the business, because many people may boycott it because they intend to make people depraved and corrupt. This can leave the business without any money this will lead to the business closing down.  

British Broad Of Film Classification 

The British Board of Film Classification is a company who regulate and classifies films into seven categories, this mean that they check if it meets the regulations and also check if it is aimed at the right audience. BBFC is also a non-government organisation, this means that they are not funded by the government.

An example of this would be in the film industry when films are seen if they meet the regulation and are they aiming at right audience, by this i mean that is the conventions in the film suitable for the target audience, for example a film called Ted 2 was age rated 15, this meant you had to be 15 or above to see this movie, BBFC said they it was rate at this age because the movie contained like strong language, sex references and drug use. 

An advantage of this act is that you can this act helps the employer know whether they film is for the right audience and does it meet the criteria, this means that if they do not meet the right target audience they can change the target audience. An disadvantage maybe that they don't meet a regulation, this means they would have to change it to meet regulations, this can cost a lot as you may need to re-record which can costs the business thousands of pounds as they will have to edit the film again after. 

Ofcom 

Ofcom is a communications regulator in the UK, they regulate TV, radio and video on demand services, this means that they protect people in the UK by checking if the any content on TV and radio is dishonest or a scam.

An example of this would be in the TV industry, adverts in the TV industry need to meet the regulations of ofcom. for example an advert may lie an say false things about products, however Ofcom would investigate and make sure its not false as they protect all the people from fraud and dishonest.

An advantage for the employee is that Ofcom would protect them from fraud and also getting false information about products, this means that all they information they see on the television would be true as Ofcom makes sure

An advantage for the employer is that all the information in their adverts would be true so this means no one can make false allegation as Ofcom has regulated it and have also approved it. An disadvantage is that if the advert does have false information it can cost the employer a lot of money because they have to redo it which means more money being spent.

8.3a) Contractual & Ethical

Contractual issues:

Full Time Contracts

Full time contract is when you work more than 35 hours a week and is considered as a career job because it is a full time job. Full time jobs usually get paid monthly as they are often salary based job this means getting a fixed amount every year.

An example of a full time contract job in the film and television industry would be the accountant like David Farr because he is the payroll accountant for the film called 'Creed'. This means paying all the staff wages correctly and on time. This would be a full time contract as accountants are needed throughout the process because they need to pay the staff and control how much they are spending as they have a budget which they need keep to.

An advantage for David Farr working as a payroll accountant is that it is full time contract which means that they have job security. This means the employer cannot get rid of you until the contract expires unless there is a valid reason, an advantage for the employer is that they know they have a permanent work, this means that the employer would not be short staff as they have full time workers which means they'll always be working.

Part time contract

Part time contract is when you work less than 30 hours and have a contract with the employer as part time, this means other employee's doing their work there when their are not there.

An example of a part time job in the film industry would be the runner, this is an entry level job and is a good way to gain experience as you work alongside directors, a runner usually does all the basic work, for example making tea or picking up products or anything specific for the director, this eases pressure off the director because they have less stress so they can focus on other staff. 

A runner would be a part time job because they are not needed throughout the process as runner often can be another liability because it is another person you are responsible for and there are many people who want experience in the media industry, this is a good way to move up in the media industry as many directors started off as a runners and then progressed to become a director.

An advantage for the employee is they receive same benefits as the full time contract this means they are both treated the same and so there are no extra benefits for full time contract. An advantage for the employer is that when full time workers decide to quit they can promote part time contract workers, this helps the institution be successful and never be short of staff.

Fixed term contract

Fixed term is when the contract is signed for a duration of time by this i mean that they are only needed for a specific time period, fixed term contracts are mostly used in the film industry as all employee's are hired on fixed term basis.

An example of Fixed term would be the director James wan as he recently directed a film called 'Fast and Furious 7' in 2014 and before 'Fast and Furious 7' he made a film called 'Insidious' in 2012 this tells us that James wan did not direct any films in 2013 this tells us that James Wan does not have an permanent job.Director is a fixed term job because they are only need until the movie is completed.

An advantage for the James Wan would be that they  know when they need to look for another job or extend the contract by doing this it allows the employee know when they can take other jobs and it gives the employee flexibility as they take the jobs which are more suited for them. A disadvantage would be that after the fixed term they are not guaranteed another job which means that they will jobless  like James Wan was in 2013, so to prevent this they would need look for jobs ahead.

An advantage for the employer would be that they can hire employee when they need them this will help the employer reduce cost and also allows them to try out different staff so if they do not like the employee they can let them go and look for better employee's. A disadvantage is that you may hire an editor for specific dates so if you do not finish editing by that date you are going to have to look for different editor to finish the film which means starting again this is because the editor may have found a new job to start at that date, this will increase the costs because they have to pay another editor to edit the film.

Agency contract

Agency contract is when you have a contract with the agency rather than the employer because employers have contract with the agency and the employer have contract with the employer, this means the agency would interview the candidate and check whether they are fit for the role and the employer does not need to stress about employing workers also the employer can try out different workers and if they like the worker they can buy the worker from the agency this often costs the business a lot of money.

An example of an agency contract job in the film industry is a financial job like an accountant because they are not media related jobs so they are not needed always in the film industry.

An advantage for the employee is that they are able to get jobs more quicker because agencies have contract with many employers, so it makes easier for the employee's as it is quicker. however a a disadvantage for the the employee would be that the benefits are very restricted this means that they will not receive same benefit they would working with the employer. An advantage for the employer is that they can dismiss employee's without a reason because they do not have any contract with the employer and agencies can replace them very quick, this allows the employer to be stress free as the agency would replace the worker very quick. 

Contract Confidentiality

Contract Confidentiality is when the employee has to legally keep a secret for the company as they may be working on new ideas this means they won't be allowed to tell anyone about the new idea, if the do they can be persecuted for it as they sign a contract which states that, this can be used against you so you should read the contract very carefully.

An example of a job which involves contract confidentiality in the film industry would be everyone in the film industry because they know the concept of the film so they cannot share the idea however a specific role would be the editor role because they edit the whole film and watch it over so this means that they watch the final copy, For example Tobias Pfeiffer is a editor who has edit many film like Fast and Furious 7 and Ride Along 2 which was released recently this means he could not tell anyone about the film and what happens in it.

An advantage for the employee is that they would know what happens in the film this means knowing exclusive facts it would make them feel more special as they know something that other people do not know, a disadvantage is that they have to keep the secrete for a long time period as film take roughly 2 years to make final copy, this can be very hard for people as they may not be able to keep secrete for that long. An advantage for the employer is that the have legal documents which state that they cannot tell anybody about the film this means that they can be persecuted, however it may very hard to find out who has leaked the film because there are many people who work to complete film this makes it more difficult for the employer to find the person who leaked the film. 

Contract exclusivity

Contract exclusivity is when the you are told you can only work for that company and no companies which are similar to the company you work for, this means that they won't be able to work anywhere that does the same thing as them for a limited of time after the contract ends.

An example of contract exclusivity job would be jobs in the film industry because they have to sign a contract stating that they cannot work for any similar company because they may copy ideas which the business has made, on some contract exclusivity it says that some workers can not work for another company even if the quit, they must wait a limited time.

A disadvantage for the employee is that they cannot work for similar companies for a milted of time even after the contract ends, this leaves the worker without a job as they cannot apply for other similar companies because they contract they signed states that they won't work for another company for the limited days, this may affect them financially as they do not have a job for a limited time. An advantage for the employer is that they know the employee would focus on their task because they are only working for your company this means them producing quality products ad service.

ETHICS ISSUES  

Codes of practice

Codes of practice is rules which are set by the government for the employer to abide by, these rules are set out so that employers treat their workers ethically because all employee's have rights and should be treated the same as they are all human. The regulations are for all the employers in the UK so that employee's are not misused.

An example of a code of practice is that it in the 'Purpose of the Equality Act 2010' it states in chapter one that 'outlaw discrimination'  this means that employee's should be free from discrimination at work. An example of a job in the film and media industry would be a news reporter as news companies like to see if there news presenters would look good for example news reporters may be discriminated on there age, as we often see young people new reporters.

An advantage for the news reporter would be that they are secure at work place which means that they would not discriminated at work, this means working in a environment like this would allow them progress as they will not be discriminated, for example maybe a news reporter may get a better job in the news company even if the are old like directing the news show, however some employers do not regulate by these rules which means you still may be discriminated.

An advantage for the employer is that by making sure they are discrimination free, it makes the employee more confident to come to work, and they'll work harder as they know they can progress in the company, however a disadvantage would be that the employer needs to think before making any drastic decisions as it may look like the have discriminated the employee which may bring a bad name for the company.  

Agency policies and producers

Agency polices and producers is when the company has its own code of ethics instead of the government one. in the code of ethic it would state how the should be treated and there rights in the company, this helps the employee know what the rights are and it prevents them from being misused.

An example of an agency policy would be the BBC document which states that workers will need to have " safe working conditions", by this it means that BBC must make sure the environment in the workplace is safe, for example having all the electrical product checked so that the do not get electrical shot.

An advantage for the employee is that they will always work in safe conditions which means that they'll always be safe at work so they can assure that they'll never be hurt, this law helps employee's at BBC be safe at all times and if they are hurt they may be able to sue the employer or company.

An advantage for the employer is that all the workers will know that they are safe this means them being more motivated to work harder as they know that they are safe, a disadvantage for the employer is that it can costs a lot to keep the workers in a safe environment like having all the electrical equipment checked.  

Emerging social concerns and expectation 

Emerging social concerns and expectation is to do with current society problems, these problems are problems which the people in the country worry about, this may be issues like disability, gender, reassignment , maternity/paternity, and sexual harassment. These issues are things which people worry about as they want the laws to be fair for every one.

An example of this would be a presenter called Cerrie Burnell who was born disable as she has only one hand, she was not discriminated and got a job as a present on a children show on the CBBC, This shows that the employer did not discriminate her as she got the job, however CBBC received a lot of complaints as many children got scared this meant parents wanting CBBC to take action, however CBBC stood by their presenter.

An advantage for the employee is that it does not matter if they are disable as they cannot be judge on that or the race or gender. A disadvantage for the employee is that although this is a law, some employer go against this and you cannot prove it as there isn't concrete information.

An advantage for the employer is that employee's will work harder this mean they are more productive as the employee know that they can progress as you do not judge on disability, gender and race. A disadvantage for the employer is that they would need to be very careful what they say as employee's can make false assumption.  




Representation

Representation involves social background of the employee's this means the race, religion, nationality and ethnicity, this is used as the employer should respect all the above issues, this helps employee's feel more respected at work and would make them feel more welcomed when hiring.  

An example in the media industry would be a TV presenter called Kristin Digby who turned out to be homosexual, after BBC finding this information they gave a lot of help to the presenter also let him carry on with the show. This shows that they were very helpful and did not take any unlawful action.

An advantage for the employee is that they know that the employee respects them even though what they are and also supports social background. A disadvantage for the employee is that social background issues can affect them at work as the colleague may treat them different. 

A disadvantage for the employer is that after facing social problems they may feel like their treated different, this can lead to them being less motivated, which means them doing the job slowly, this means they can lose good workers due to their social background issues, this is why employers should offer a lot of help and also make sure that the employee's respect each others social background. 

Developing Technologies In Film And TV

Digital 

Digital is when audio and TV is processed digitally through wires underground which is faster and has more space which allows more TV channels to come in because the transmit less than analogue, analogue consumed more transmission which meant it was capable to handle many channel and it was also used in the past when there were only five programs, digital transmission is mostly all the channel because most TV are digital nowadays and digital cable has better quality so means that it's more clear to see and the signal is stronger. Digital cable has allowed TV companies to expand and make more channels so they can meet more audiences needs.

An example will be the BBC because as you can see above they have been able to expand and make more channels ad digital cable consumes less frequency which means it would be faster and they would be more space as the channels have been compressed to take less space, so this means  they can create more channels like CBBC for children. 

An advantage for audience using digital cable is that they will have more variety of channels as digital cable allows channel like BBC expand the amount of channels they have, this means that they the audience are entertained throughout and the quality of digital TV is more clear and the stronger signal so would not lose signal during their program. However an disadvantage for the audience is that having more channels means that BBC needs to produce more content and if they don't they will show more repeats on the channel this will make the audience bored.

An advantage for the BBC is that they can make more channels and make different content on each channel this will allow them to catch more attention from audiences because they may appeal to them, however a disadvantage is by having more channels like BBC means that they need to create more content because if the institution keep repeating same programs they would lose their audience which may lead to the channel shutting down as their is not enough viewers which means they won't be making enough money.



Satellite

Satellite TV is when you have a satellite dish which shows television using signals relayed from communication satellites, there are only two subscription companies which only offer the satellite television, to gain satellite television you would need a dish. An example of a institution that uses satellite is sky.

SKY is an satellite provider because all their program are transmitted by the satellite dish. The satellite dish is mostly installed by sky as they have the skilled workers and also you would not be able to watch SKY TV without the dish. 

An advantage for the audience is that by having one satellite dish in the household means that other rooms in the house would be able to use satellite television and watch SKY tv, however having a satellite dish means that the weather can affect the signal means they won't be able to watch any TV.

An benefit for SKY is that not all subscription company does not provide satellite TV so this means that sky would get more customers as they have the unique service, However a drawback for Sky would be that they would receive a lot of complaints when the weather is bad as they many not be any signal. 


Cable 

Cable TVis when it transmits through the fiber optic wire which is usually found underground, many companies offer cable service for TV and internet, companies like virgin media offer these service for TV and internet. Cable TV have a variety of TV channels.

Virgin media is a cable provider as all their subscription boxes are powered by the cable which is underground. An advantage for the audience is that by having Virgin media means that the signal would not be disturbed by the weather as it is cable TV, also a disadvantage is that the cable may not be in every area so this will mean they won't be able to get cable TV as it is very hard to install cable underground. 

An advantage for virgin media using cable TV is that their signal would be better as it would not be effected during terrible weather. However a disadvantage is that it will cost a lot for virgin media to fix connection problem as they do not know where the problem is. 

Interactive

Interactive is when the channel gives extra features, this mean having another feature beside the channel, an example of this would be the channel called BBC, BBC have used red button for many years as it brings more audience, an example of this would be when the Wimbledon was taking place they had extra feature on the red button, this was that you could see other tennis courts. 

The red button on the BBC allowed the audience to see live tennis matches in other courts, this allowed audience to watch their favorite tennis players. An advantage for the audience would be that they more features for free so they do not have to pay anything extra as the red button is a free service this adds value for the audience, however a disadvantage for the audience would be that the BBC red service is often slow which will mean it being more time consuming for the audience.

An advantage for BBC giving extra service like the red button means that more audience will watch their channel as they have the unique and extra service, also a disadvantage for BBC will be that they will spend more money and they may not get that many viewers this will mean BBC wasting money.


Internet

internet is where some companies upload original content online like TV shows, this means uploading content which has not been showed any where else except the internet, an example of this would be Netflix as they create original content on their website like the show called Jessica Jones.

Netflix has funded this program above called 'Jessica Jones' and it is their original content and have released all the episode on their page, the program has not been shown anywhere apart the website and the only way you could gain access of this program is by joining Netflix this means paying £5.99 a month

An advantage for the audience is that they can watch the whole series as all the episode are uploaded at once on Netflix this means audience  do not have to wait till a further date for next episode, however a disadvantage for the audience is that they need to pay to watch the program and they'll also need internet to watch the program, this means more costs the audience.. 

An advantage for Netflix is that they have to meet the demand means making more episode of a specific programs in a small span of time and they do not have to compete with competitors as they do not have a TV guide which means the do not have to schedule to compete as the audience can watch anytime a disadvantage would be that many people like to use other free website to gain the service which will mean less people joining the website.  


High Definition


HD means higher definition this means that the quality is better as their are more pixels, this means it will be more clear to see. High definition often costs a lot more on top of your usual subscription fee's An example of a channel which is HD is Sky sports one as we can see in the picture below.

As we can see the image above is HD and is very clear as there camera has more pixel this is why it has high definition. An advantage for audience is that they get to see the football matches more clearer and in detail, also you wold not need an HD TV to get this feature as SKY sports would have their own HD camera's, however a disadvantage is that it costs a lot to for SKY sports HD, as the equipment are more expensive which they record with, also may not make a difference to you. 

An advantage for the SKY Sports is that they'll be known to give the unique service this means them getting more customers and a disadvantage is that it costs more as you need special equipment to record HD programs, also they may not be adding that much HD programs which means customers being less attractive, on SKY sports most HD things are the football match. 



Streaming Content

Streaming content is when you watch live programs online and only on the internet, the people who show these programs are often called online broadcasters. An example of an online broadcaster would be Twitch. 

As you can see above you can twitch live programs on Twitch, online broadcasters like Twitch have unknown shows and are mostly game shows, this means watching people play games and give their own opinions, also them programs have not been aired on TV. An advantage for the audience is that it is not planned so it can be more entertaining and is also more unique than other TV programs, however a disadvantage for the audience is that if your internet signal is not strong it will buffer, this means the show being interrupted.An advantage for the Twitch is that there users can receive feedback during the show  this will allow the producer to improve the show during production, however a disadvantage is that not everyone has internet, this means they won't be able to twitch, also internet can cost a lot. 

On Demand

On demand is when you can re-watch any programs that have already been aired on TV this means watching programs you have missed. An example of a on demand player would be BBC iplayer because they allow you to watch programs that you have missed on their channel.

As above you can see on BBC iplayer you can watch programs you have missed and they usually allow up to 30 days catch up. 

An advantage for the audience is that most of these on demand players like BBC iplayer is free so this means no fee needed to be paid. However you need to pay TV license to watch it, also a disadvantage is that to use BBC iplayer you need internet which means that it will cost you as you need to pay for the internet. An advantage for the BBC is that they will  get more viewers as their audience can watch it anytime, however the disadvantage is that it costs the BBC a lot to maintain the page, and often it takes a long time uploading programs as they are often 30-60min long.


Digital Recorder

Digital recorder is when physically have a box which is capable of recording programs you will be not able to watch, this makes it more convenient for the audience. An example of this would be the sky plus box.

Sky plus box allows users to record programs anytime of the day and also you can record whole series of episode so you have option to watch altogether

An advantage for the audience will be that they can record programs whenever they want with SKY plus as it has a digital recorder built in and also if they record program they can forward adverts which means less time consuming, however a disadvantage would be that it can be expensive for SKY plus and also they would be limited to only record two programs at once, also if you are recording two programs SKY tells you have to watch one while it records.

An advantage for the SKY will be that that have more viewers as viewers are often busy when the programs come on and they like to record new shows this will have an impact on the amount of views they get, however a disadvantage for the SKY is that the value of adverts goes down because most of the customers would record then forward the adverts, which means they do not actually watch the advert.

Pay Per View

Pay per view is when you pay a one of payment for a special events on the box office like the boxing match, An example of this when the Sky box office as they offer one off shows like the boxing match Pacquiao vs Mayweather.

The above is a picture of two boxers people were talking about in may as this was a big fight in history as it may have been Mayweathers last match, this was a one of event, Sky sports box office was delivering the match to the public, this meant the public paying a one off payment to watch this match.

An advantage for the audience is that they are able to watch the boxing match live this keeps them more entertained and they have the most updated news as they are watching live, however a disadvantage for the audience is that they have to pay on top of their own subscription fee this means paying extra. 

An advantage for the SKY sports box office is that they would have exclusive access as they will have contract with the actual boxers and no one else would have this service means that they can charge premium amount, However a disadvantage is some people stream it online live on websites like pirate bay which means that they get less customers as customers like free services.